Completed The wider objectives of the project are to improve the living standards of resource-poor livestock owners by enhancing the introduction of more productive and environmentally sound agroforestry systems that integrate crops, pastures, trees and ruminants.The immediate objectives are:To review the literature to determine the technical and socio-economic advantages of adoption of agroforestry systems in smallholder animal agriculture .To identify constraints to adoption and areas for further research in the development of these systems. Review of adoption and potentialimpact in terms of increased productivity and improved soilfertility.Identification of constraints to adoption.Recommendations and a strategy for future research onagrosilvopastoral systems for smallholders.